P23, 24, 25

BOWEN SECONDARY SCHOOL PRELIMS 2014

5

“Tourism can bring more problems to less developed countries”. How true is this statement? Give reasons for your answer.                                                                      [6]

Yes, it is true [at least 1 factor explained]. -        Shortage of services, e.g. water, electricity -        Seasonal unemployment eg. During lull periods where no or fewer tourists = no jobs -        Underuse of facilities eg. Stadium built for 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing/ World Cup in Brazil 2014 = only a one-time increase in tourists -        Dilution of culture and local customs eg. Pseudo-culture = lost their own distinctive traits -        Increased crimes = becomes materialistic looking at the well-to-do tourists -        Increased congestion -        Vandalism -        Pollution and littering / Destruction of habitats / Increased carbon footprint No, it is not true [at least 1 factor explained] 1.      Employment opportunities eg. Hotels, transportation, tour agencies 2.      Growth in national income eg. Restaurants, individuals who provide services to tourists 3.      Increase in foreign exchange eg. Tourists from USA 4.      Infrastructure development eg. Transport and communication networks 5.      Preservation of culture and local customs eg. Heritage 6.      Conservation of natural environments OVERALL: MAY REDUCE THE GAP BETWEEN THE LDCs AND DCs Level 1 (1-2 marks) At this level answers will be generalized or with minimal support if any given at all. Reasoning rather weak and expression may be unclear. A basic answer that has little development or barely touching the topic Level 2 (3-4 marks) Disagreement or agreement will be supported by appropriate elaboration. Or Both agreement and disagreement are considered, but support is patchy so that the answer is not full. Good reasoning and logic in parts of the answer with good expression in places. Level 3 (5-6 marks) At this level answers must be comprehensive and supported by good specific examples(showing sound knowledge of content). Reasoning is clear and logical. L3/6: ONLY WHEN ANSWERS LINKED CLOSELY TO ANSWER THE QUESTION ON LDCs

BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL PRELIM 2014

6       “Tourist activities are certain to cause more harm than good to the environment.” How far do you agree with this statement? Use examples to support your answer.                                                            [6]

Level	Description	Marks
1	Answers will be generalised or with minimal support if any given at all. Reasoning rather weak and expression unclear. A basic answer that has little development. Answers lack example or other evidence, or it is so sketchy that it adds little support to the answer.	1-2 marks
2	Agreement that Tourist activities are certain to cause more harm than good to the environment. Harm OR good are considered, but support in rather patchy so that the answer is not fully expressed. Good reasoning and logic in parts of the answer with good expression in places. Some examples or other evidence will be presented to support answers in at least one place in the answer.	3-4 marks
3	Answers will be supported by sound knowledge. Both Harm AND good are considered. Reasoning is clear and logical with good expression of the language. Examples or evidence to support answers will be evident.	5-6 marks

Plausible answers;

Agree that tourist activities are certain to cause more harm than good to the environment. Candidates can raise any positive and negative impacts of tourism on environment.

Good:

Conservation of natural environment

•         Tourism provides funds to help conserve environments such as coral reefs, rainforests and mountainous areas.

•         Revenue from entrance fees to national parks and diving sites or even levies on nearby accommodations can be used to help protect and conserve the environment.

•         For example Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabilitation Centre in Sabah, Malaysia, relies on visitor entry fees to pay its staff. The staff help rehabilitate orang-utans that have been orphaned or injured.

•         In Kenya, Africa, the survival of animals in the country’s nature reserves and national parks relies on funding received from international tourists who want to see these animals in the wild. According to estimates by Kenyan tourist authorities, a single lion can generate US$7,000 a year in tourist revenue and a herd of elephants around US$600,000 a year.  The money raised from wildlife tourism becomes a way to continue to preserve the animals and their habitats.

Harm:

Increased congestion

•         Large numbers of tourists can cause overcrowding in areas close to popular attractions.

•         Tourist shops and accommodations tend to cluster near popular tourist attractions. Thus, these areas become even more congested.

•         As a result, vehicular and pedestrian traffic become more congested.

•         For example, In Rome, Italy, many older walkways and narrow streets are filled with tourists. The huge inflow of cars and buses contribute to traffic congestion and air pollution.

Vandalism

•         Is the crime of deliberately damaging property belonging to other people. Cultural, historical or natural sites may be vandalised by individuals or developers.

•         For example, the thousands of stones and bricks of the Great Wall of China, which is visited by about 10 million tourists a year are covered with graffiti.

Pollution and littering

•         Authorities sometimes fail to implement measures that would properly manage waste left behind by tourists. It can lead to degradation of such areas

•         For example, tourists often dump plastic bottles, food packaging and old batteries overboard from cruise ships. It can cause harbours, marines and oceans to be polluted.

•         Many islands in the Caribbean have limited space on land to treat waste from ships. As a result, solid and liquid wastes are sometimes dumped into the Caribbean Sea by ships.

Destruction of habitats

•         Popular tourist sites, such as quiet stretches of sandy beaches and scenic villages, can be overwhelmed with visitors during busy time of the year.

•         Too many tourists visiting a destination will cause habitats and wildlife to be destroyed.

•         Careless tourists may trample on plants, while other may collect eggs and feathers of birds as souvenirs.

•         Tourists may also make too much noise which can disturb and frighten off animals.

•         For Example,

•         Egypt’s Red Sea coast has developed into a major diving and snorkelling destinations for around 1.2 million visitors annually.

•         Habitats of coral reefs and exotic fish have been damaged because Swimmers collect shells or corals as souvenirs and hotels and restaurants in the area dump waste and sewage into the sea.

Increased carbon footprint

•         Carbon footprint refers to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that would be produced by activities that involve the use of fossil fuels.

•         Carbon footprint is measured in equivalent amounts in carbon dioxide.

•         For example, the carbon footprint of a one-way economy class flight from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is 30kg of carbon dioxide per passenger.

E) RESPONSIBILITIES OF GROUPS

ANGLICIAN HIGH SCHOOL PRELIMS 2014

7           ‘Engaging the local community is the most effective strategy in promoting sustainable tourism in a country.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement?                                                          [8]     

Marks	Criteria
Level 3 (7-8 marks)	A clear stand is given. Need to elaborate on community-based tourism and 1 other strategy. Other Strategies include: Conservation of fragile environment Managing tensions Responsibilties of various groups excluding local community. Details ·        There is a clear definition/description of the measure discussed. ·        There is a statement on the purpose of the measure. ·        There is a clear explanation of how the measure can promote sustainable tourism. Examples ·        There is clear, accurate description of how the strategy has been successfully used in a specific location.  There is evidence of the success of the strategy given. ·        There is clear, accurate description of how the strategy has been limited in an occasion in a specific place.  There is evidence of the limitation of the strategy at that time and place. Balance ·        There is discussion of how the strategy can successfully be used to promote sustainable tourism. ·        There is discussion of how the strategy is limited or may not be successful in certain locations or situations ·        There is thorough consideration of usefulness of strategy based on 1 or more of the following points either in body paragraphs or conclusion of essay: o   There is reiteration of the stand. o   There is justification of the stand o   Brief summary of the points elaborated o   Possible strategies to overcome limitations
Level 2 (4-6 marks)	A clear stand is given. Need to elaborate on community-based tourism and 1 other strategy. Other Strategies include: Conservation of fragile environment Managing tensions Responsibilties of various groups excluding local community. Details ·        The definition of the measure is discussed. ·        There is a statement on the purpose of the measure. ·        There is a brief explanation of how the measure is able to promote sustainable tourism. Examples ·        There is a brief description of how the strategy has been successfully used in a specific location.  There is no evidence or limited data to support this claim. ·        There is brief description of how the strategy has been limited in an occasion in a specific place.  There is no evidence or limited data to support this claim. Balance ·        There is discussion of how the strategy can successfully be used to promote sustainable tourism ·        There is discussion of how the strategy is limited or may not be successful in certain locations or situations ·        There is some consideration of usefulness of strategy based on one or two of the following points either in body paragraphs or conclusion of essay: o   There is reiteration of the stand. o   There is justification of the stand o   Brief summary of the points elaborated o   Possible strategies to overcome limitations
Level 1 (0-3 marks)	1 strategy (community-based tourism) discussed. Details ·        There is a brief explanation of how the strategy is able to promote sustainable tourism Examples ·        No examples given ·        Only one example given to show success or limitation ·        Examples are merely stated, with no explanation or evidence Balance ·        There is discussion of how the strategy can successfully be used to promote sustainable.  However, this strategy is not thoroughly examined and generalized statements are made about them. ·        No comparisons/inclusions of other strategies.