2014 Pure Geog (Modified version) and Other school's papers

Section A

Answer one question from this section. 

1	(a)	Study Figs 1, 2 and 3 (Insert), which show information about Arenal volcano in Costa Rica, Central America.
	(i)	Use Figs 1 and 2 to help you show how both the location of, and the volcanic activity at, Arenal volcano are a result of plate tectonics.                                                                           [5]
		Arenal volcano situated at a destructive plate boundary between Cocos Plate and Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate subducts into the mantle causing the oceanic plate / Cocos Plate to melt Magma rises through gaps onto the earth surface. Over many eruptions, a conical shaped volcano is built on the continental plate of Caribbean Plate 5@1m
	(ii)	Use the information on Fig. 3 to suggest ways in which tourists and local people have benefited from developments around Arenal volcano.                                                      [4]
		Hotels development e.g. Arenal Lodge, Tabacon Lodge to look at the beauty of a volcano Health tourism … spa and resort near the Tabacon Lodge Dam built to create a reservoir at Lake Arenal … help local people to have more water Area becomes more accessible … footpaths that lead to the top of Arenal volcano to look at volcanic activity; like the lodges with the ranger station and park entrance Development of alternative transport e.g. water taxi / dock to bring people to look at Lake Arenal 4@1m
	(iii)	Use Fig. 3 to help you explain why volcanoes are dangerous and why different risk areas are designated around the volcano.                                                                                                 [4]
		Can cause mudflows if lava flow is together with heavy rain Can cause landslides which can bury the hotels, Tabacon Lodge and the resort and spa Different risk areas designated e.g. R1 to R3 To prevent people from going near the volcano … to reduce loss of lives in case of eruption During times when volcano did not erupt, some areas e.g. R3 can still be used for recreation and tourism. Eg. Ranger station and lookout are located around R3 R2 is an area without permanent construction … there are only trees, so that in case of volcanic eruptions, the rescuers can concentrate on rescuing the trekkers and visitors.  4@1m
	(b)	Explain slab-pull force and its influence on plate movement.                                                    [4]
		·        Tremendous heat found in the Earth’s interior causes rocks in the mantle to melt and become magma. ·        Magma in the mantle is heated, expands and rises. The rising magma spreads out below the plate, cools and sinks. ·        Continuous heating and cooling of the magma in the mantle causes a circular movement known as the convection current.  Rising and spreading convection current pulls the plates apart and sinking convection current drags the plates together – slab-pull force 4@1m
	(c)	‘Preparedness measures are the most effective in coping with threats from earthquakes.’  To what extent is this true?  Give reasons for your answer.                                                           [8]
		Preparedness measures: Landuse regulations Building design Infrastructure development Emergency drills Use of technology e.g. earthquake monitoring and warning systems When earthquake happens, there are short-term responses Searching and rescuing casualties Providing food, water and medical care Setting up emergency shelters Calling for humanitarian aid Post-earthquake responses Ensuring affected area/region recovers economically Improving the health options Compensating people who lose their land and property
2	(a)	Study Fig. 4, which shows stages in the formation of a tsunami.
		Use the information on Fig. 4 to explain the formation of a tsunami and the changing height of the waves as they approach the shore.                                                                                     [5]
		Offshore earthquake Seismic waves forces mass of sea water towards coast Tsunami waves start at a height of less than 1m with wave lengths of 100 to 150 km, at speeds of 800 km/h and may pass undetected On reaching shallower water, greater friction slows the waves and forces them to increase in height At point of contact with coast, tsunami waves could be travelling at 30 to 50 km/h and may reach heights of 15m 5@1m
	(b)	Describe how tsunamis are monitored and explain how this may reduce their impact on people.                                                                                                                                         [4]
		Pressure sensors Seismographs Deep ocean tsunami detectors Surface buoy is connected to a pressure sensor anchored to the sea floor Temperature and pressure are measured and relayed to the buoy every 15 seconds Information is sent via satellite to land-based tsunami warning stations for analysis 4@1m
	(c)	Study Fig. 5, which shows sea level changes.
	(i)	Describe the changes from 1850 to 2010.                                                                                 [4]
		Sea level has been rising from 1850 to 2000 by 200mm Sea level is projected to continue to rise after 2000 Between 2000 and 2100, the range of projection ranges from 200mm to 500mm 4@1m
	(ii)	Suggest reasons for both the changes and range in the projections of sea levels between 2010 and 2100.                                                                                                                       [4]
		·        Increase in deforestation where trees are cleared to have land for mining activities, agriculture and construction of infrastructure, causing less trees to be available to photosynthesise and thus lead to an increase in carbon dioxide to trap heat. ·        Increase in deforestation where trees are removed to meet the increasing demand for products. This leads to less trees to be available to photosynthesise and thus lead to an increase in carbon dioxide that will trap heat. ·        Increase in population where more fossil fuels are needed to produce energy for industries, transport, commercial and domestic activities. This will lead to more carbon dioxide being produced and trapped more heat. ·        Increase in population will lead to an increase in demand for food. More flooded rice fields and more farms to rear cattle will lead to an increase in methane, which is a greenhouse gas that will trap heat.     ·        The use of nitrogen-based fertilisers to improve crop yields so as to feed the increasing population will lead to more nitrous oxide that will trap heat. 4@1m
	(d)	‘Sea level rise is the main challenge posed by climate change.’  How far do you agree with this statement?  Give reasons for your answer.                                                                   [8]
		Level 1 : Problems brought by sea level rise such as flooding of coastal and low-lying areas, animals that need year-round ice caps will face extinction and marine creatures losing their nursey grounds Level 2 : Include 2 more main problems besides sea level rise – reduction in food production, heat-related health problems, thrive of tropical disease, lose of valuable plants for research, falling water level in river affecting navigation, irrigation and hydroelectricity Level 3 : detailed level 2 + conclusion
		Section B Answer one question from this section.
3	(a)	Study Fig. 6 (Insert), which is a cartoon related to food consumption in a developed country (DC). Use the cartoon shown in Fig. 6 to help you explain the causes and effects of obesity in DCs.                                                                                                                                           [5]
		After Industrial Revolution, people earned higher income, thus have more disposable income to purchase more food and more varieties of food. Consumption of high-fat and high energy food like chips, burgers, doughnuts, pizza which can cause obesity Presence of fast food outlets where people queue up to buy them.  They are cheaper and more convenient for working class people.  Effects of obesity can lead to heart diseases and diabetes 5@1m
	(b)	Describe the economic problems for countries which are caused by insufficient food consumption.                                                                                                                              [5]
		Lower productivity Workers consume imbalanced amounts of nutrients, thus they fall sick easily which will lead to lower productivity Lower productivity can lead to lower income, due to inability to work as productively as before. Higher public health expenditure because of more people falling sick.  For LDCs, the higher spending on health care means that limited resources are diverted from other areas like education, housing, transportation or agriculture.  This will slow down the economic development of the countries. Long-term debt Food and financial aid can be given to help people cope with insufficient supply of food.  Financial aid may lead to long-term debt problems for the receiving country. Eg LDCs need to buy food supplies from donor countries like USA.  LDCs will incur losses because they cannot buy from local suppliers.  5@1m  [HG  EG TB p113]
	(c)	Study Fig. 7, which tells the story of a young girl in Uganda, a country in Africa.
		Gillian Akulla is 13 years old and attends Ating Tuo Primary School in Uganda.  She has suffered from severe diarrhea for two years and thinks her mother and some of her ten brothers and sisters are experiencing the same problem.  Gillian says that her mother never boiled water and she has never drunk boiled water. Gillian misses a lot of school and cannot help at home because of severe pain. She was taken to a clinic for tests and was found to have the dangerous bilharzia worm and a urinary tract infection. Gillian was given antibiotics which are working and all pupils at the school have been de-wormed.
		Fig. 7
		With the help of Fig. 7, explain how access to clean drinking water could affect the lives of people in LDCs.                                                                                                                         [4]
		Poor access to clean drinking water led to ill health Children suffered from diarrhea because of drinking unboiled water Children miss schools because they are sick often Children suffered from urinary tract infection and bilharzia worm infestation. Parents may have to incur high medical costs of buying deworming antibiotics to treat bilharzia worms and urinary tract infection 4@1m
	(d)	Study Fig. 8 (Insert), which shows the distribution of malaria in parts of Asia.  Describe the distribution of the areas suffering from high levels of malaria.                 [3]
		Mainly in Papua New Guinea, East Timor SouthernThailand Parts of Myanmar Some parts of India, e.g. on the eastern coast 3@1m
	(e)	‘Socio-economic factors are more important than environmental factors in contributing to the spread of malaria.’  How far do you agree?  Give reasons for your answer.                           [8]
		Socio-economic factors in the spread of malaria -        Overcrowded living conditions -        Lack of proper sanitation -        Limited provision of and access to health care Environmental factors in the spread of malaria -        Poor drainage and stagnant water -        Effects of heavy rains, monsoons
4	(a)	Study Fig. 9, which gives information about an experiment to produce genetically modified wheat.
		A donation of US$10 million is being made to the John Innes Research Centre in an attempt to produce a type of wheat seed which will take nitrogen from the air.  The idea would be to use something like the nodules on pea roots which convert nitrogen into plant food.  The plants will produce their own fertilizer, which will have many benefits.  If successful it will be ten years before the new seeds are ready to be used by the farmers. It is hoped that the new wheat seeds could be of benefit to subsistence farmers in different parts of the world.  The world’s population is expected to grow from over 7 billion today to over 9 billion in 2050.
		Fig. 9
		Use Fig. 9 to help you suggest the advantages to be gained from developing the new form of genetically modified wheat.                                                                                                        [5]
		Increase in farmers’ income Nutritional benefits for consumers e.g. Vitamin A injected into GM rice … reduce night blindness (health benefit) Decreased environmental pollution e.g. reduced use of pesticides and fertilizers Shorter growing season Resistant to pests and diseases Resistant to extreme weather conditions 5@1m
	(b)	What are the main threats created by genetically modified crops?                                           [5]
		Dominance of agribusiness which can afford the large capital investments required in research and development Widen income gap between rich and poor farmers because small-scale farmers and LDCs cannot afford the high price to buy GM seeds.  Potential health risks because foreign genes injected into plants may cause allergic reactions in humans. Eg a gene from Brazil nuts into soya beans was rejected due to possible risk of causing allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.  [development] When resistance of GM crops is transferred to wild plants, it can have negative impacts on insects and animals which feed on them.  This can cause a reduction of biodiversity. Eg Many monarch butterfly caterpillars that fed on milkweed dusted with Bt-corn died.  In contrast, all monarch butterfly caterpillars survived when they were only fed with milkweed that had not been in contact with Bt-corn pollen. [development] 5@1m [Can include development of points to a max of 1m]
	(c)	Study Fig. 10 (Insert), which shows some factors affecting crop production in West Africa.  Compare the prospects for the yield of crops in Chad with that in Senegal.                           [3]
		Chad in the east and Senegal in the west Chad is likely to have higher yield of crops than Senegal Why? -        Higher rainfall in July compared to Senegal.  In fact, Senegal experiences erratic rains and thus there will be delayed planting Senegal is likely to have higher yields of crops than Chad -        Near the coast, influence of rain from the onshore winds in July -        No desert locust to destroy the crops
	(d)	Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows a farming process. Describe the farming process shown in Photograph A, and explain its advantages relating to crop yields.                              [4]
		Irrigation using machine-operated sprinkler Long arms on both sides of machines where water can be sprayed onto the crops … Can spray water over a larger area Year round supply of water … crops can be grown throughout the year Can increase the amount of arable land which would otherwise not be cultivated This method leaches down salts and prevents water-logging or salinity It is less labor oriented and hence useful where labor is costly and scarce. Up to 80% of applied water can be stored in the root zone of plants. Fertilizers can be uniformly applied, because they can mixed with irrigation water 4@1m
	(e)	‘Political and economic strategies are the most important in overcoming the problem of food shortage.’   How far do you agree?  Give reasons to support your answer.                 [8]
		Political strategies can overcome problem of food shortage -        Agricultural policy e.g. Punjab Agriculture Dept … started education programme for wheat farmers… farmers taught about using HYV seeds, pesticide treatment and irrigation methods -        Stockpiling in DCs -        ASEAN … Thailand helped other member countries e.g. Cambodia in improving their rice yields Economic strategies can overcome problem of food shortage -        Free trade -        Agribusiness Other factors Technological factors e.g. using Green Revolution methods

ACS BARKER ANSWERS

Qns. No	Answer	Marks
(c)(i)	·        The valley floor is gently sloping and covered in vegetation. ·        The valley floor is broad. ·        The sides of the valley are steep. The tops of the block mountains are flat.	1 mark per point
(e)	Point Land use regulations Elaboration Land use regulations are rules that restrict developments in certain areas that have been deemed to be at greater risk to damage from earthquakes. Example For example in California, all new building developments are not build across fault lines or areas at risk of liquefaction. Also along the coasts of Japan and North America, construction of new buildings are not permitted on low lying areas in case of tsunamis. Success This is to minimise the damage to property and danger to human lives. Limitations However these measures may be costly as many of these areas may already be populated and governments would have to compensate those already living there. Also, private owners may be reluctant to move as they feel that another earthquake may not occur in their lifetime.             Point Building Design Elaboration Building with steel and reinforced concrete make building more able to withstand earthquakes. Including damping devices in the building design allow seismic energy to be absorbed in an earthquake. Also, constructing buildings with a wide and heavy base decreases the likelihood of these building collapsing. Example All these are incorporated into Taipei 101, a building in Taiwan. Success Effective building design can reduce the likelihood of building collapse and minimize the damage caused by earthquakes. Limitations However, such buildings can be costly to build and maintain. It may also be costly to convert existing buildings. Point Infrastructure Development Elaboration Infrastructure needs to be developed with advanced engineering to withstand the shocks associated with earthquakes. Example Roads, bridges and dams can be built to withstand earthquake shocks or made more to be more easily repaired. Buildings can be fitted trip switches that ensure all electrical points are switched off in an earthquake to prevent fires from breaking out. Underground water tanks are built as emergency reservoirs to fight fires after an earthquake. Success Past earthquake events have demonstrated that using this technology, fewer lives are lost, faster rescue and evacuations and less money spent on recovery for the affected areas. Limitations Developing infrastructure to withstand earthquakes is more costly and in some places remains untested. Point Emergency Drills Elaboration Emergency drills are a form of preparedness measure where people practice the steps to take when an earthquake occurs. Example Every year on September 1st, Japan conducts emergency drills to simulate the occurrence of an earthquake of high magnitude. This is to prepare the people mentally on how to react to a disaster. Success Emergency drills create awareness and reduces panic in people when an earthquake strikes by ensuring that people know what to do in the event of an emergency. Limitations However these drills are based on the scale and magnitude of past events and therefore emergency scenario might not be realistic if a more powerful earthquake strikes the area. Point Use of Technology Elaboration Technological devices such as monitoring and warning systems allow scientist to warm people of imminent earthquakes so that they can take appropriate action. Example Advanced technology such as seismic risk map, earthquake sensor and tsunami monitoring systems help to detect earthquakes earlier. Success If scientists determine that an earthquake or tsunami is imminent, people can be evacuated from high-risk areas, emergency services can be placed on high alert to reduce the number of casualties. Limitations However, these systems are costly to install and use. There is a possibility of false alarms as these systems are subjected to interference by lightning or storm waves. There is also very little time for response, as the systems do not give enough time for evacuations to take place.

ANDERSON SEC ANSWERS

(i)     Identify the landform located in the area labelled  A on Figure 1.         [1]

(ii)    Fold mountains—the Himalayas mountain range.

(ii)    Using information from Figure 1 and your understanding of plate tectonics, explain the processes taking place at the area labelled A.                                                             [4]

• Convergent plate margin between the Eurasian and Indian-Australian plate where two continental plates collide
• No subduction occurs as the 2 plates are of the same density
• The continental masses are uplifted and folded forming a mountain range

Reserve 1m if no mention of names of plates from Fig.1.

      (iii) The area labelled B is where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is found.

             Describe what are ridges and explain how they are formed.                                       [4]

• The massive Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a continuous mountain range up to a height of 2500m found in the ocean.
• Mid-ocean ridges  occur along divergent plate boundaries.
•  In this area, new ocean floor is created as the Earth’s tectonic plates spread apart and new crust are added.
• As the plates separate, some molten rock rises to the seafloor, producing enormous volcanic eruptions of basalt and forming of volcanoes alongside the ridges.

 (i)        Identify the type of volcano that is shown in Figure 3.                                                  [1]

• It is a Stratovolcano

(iii)            Using information from Figure 3 only, describe some impacts brought about by the eruption of Mt St Helen's.                                                                                             [4]

• The eruption brought about pyroclastic flows.
• There is also evidence of mudflow(Lahars)
• The eruption has impacted the area with a huge burnt zone.
• There is also a huge area of debris-avalanche brought about by the eruption which melted the snow-capped volcano.

(iii)            Using the scale provided of 3.5cm=10km, calculate the distance from the lava dome to Goat Mount.                                                                                                      [2]

            22.6km

BUKIT MERAH SEC ANSWERS

			Describe and account for the relationship between air pressure and altitude.			[4]
			It is an inverse relationship; i.e. if the altitude goes up, the pressure goes down and vice versa [1m]. For eg. at sea level, the pressure is around 1000mb but at an altitude of 4km it drops to around 600mb  or other possible examples taken from graph[1m] 2 reasons to explain: (1) As the air pressure is determined by the height of the column of air over the land surface, at higher altitudes there is a shorter column of air, so there is lower air pressure. [1m] (2) At higher altitudes, there are less air molecules [air is thin] due to gravity pulling the air molecules to sea level. So as thin air has less weight, the pressure is less.
2			Fig. 2 shows climatic data for a weather station in an Asian city.
Station 2m above sea level, latitude 13oN Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temp. (oC) 26 28 29 30 29 29 28 28 28 28 26 25 Rainfall (mm) 8 20 36 58 198 160 160 175 305 206 66 5
			Fig. 2
	(a)		State how the data could be represented on a climograph.			[2]
			Rainfall à bar graph [1m] Temperature à line graph  [1m]
	(d)		Using the data given in Fig.2, calculate: (i)               the annual temperature range (ii)              the average monthly temperature (iii)            the total annual rainfall [show your working]			[6]
3	(a)		Study Fig. 3A which shows the climograph of Dhaka, Bangladesh and Fig. 3B shows the geographical location of Dhaka.
	(i)		Identify and describe Dhaka’s climate.			[4]
			Dhaka’s climate is a tropical monsoon climate. [1m] It has high mean monthly temperatures of around 26°C, and a range of less than 10°C [i.e. not that much variation in temperature] [1m], it has heavy rainfall [more than 2000mm/yr] and it is seasonal [i.e.it has dry seasons and wet seasons] [1m]
	(ii)		Account for the heavy rainfall of rainfall in Dhaka.			[5]
			During June, the sun is overhead Tropic of Cancer.[1m] Thus there is LP belt/cell over central Asia, and a HP belt over central Australia. [1m] Due to pressure gradient. Air moves from LP cell to HP cell.[1m] Due to Coriolis effect the wind deflects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.[1m] As the SW Monsoon winds [1m] move across the Bay of Bengal  they pick up moisture which falls as rain in the city of Dhaka.[1m]

BUKIT MERAH ANSWERS 2

b)     Read the temperature of the dry bulb thermometer on the left column (1m)

The depression of the wet bulb is the temperature difference between the wet and dry bulb thermometer (1m)

Find the value at which the dry bulb temperature intersects with the wet bulb depression (1m)

The relative humidity would be the number shown expressed as a percentage (1m)

d)     Comparative bar graph (1m) or comparative line graph (1m)

Reason: To enable data to be compared and cross referred (1m)

e)     No, this is because the relative humidity is a ratio of the actual amount of water vapour in the air compared to the max. amount it can hold at a particular temperature. So, at a particular temp. you can have various levels of relative humidity. (2m)

2a)       i) Countries such as China and India which did not sign the Kyoto Protocol contributed significantly to the global emissions, which nullified the effort made by countries which signed and decreased emission. (2m)

ii) Failure of several countries such as Denmark, Sweden and USA in meeting the targets they set in the reduction of greenhouse gas emission, hence undermining total reduction set by the Protocol. (2m)

iii) It was not compulsory for developed countries to provide support and help to less developed countries in developing solutions to decrease greenhouse gas emission, hence not effectively reducing emission for some countries. (2m)

Award 2m each for each factor explained, up to a max of 4m

3a)       Identify that the tourists arrive due to the factor on MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Events), as Singapore is the hosting city for the SEA Games. (1m) (Compulsory factor)

There will be 2 main groups of tourists: 1 group as the Games participants and representatives, and the other group as the supporters (1m). 

Other factors not relating to case study:

-        Good facilities in Singapore that could ease travelling

-        Increase in disposable income of the people in ASEAN

-        Improvements in amenities where there are presence of attractions and range of facilities available.

-        Budget airlines that encouraged cheap and short haul travelling to Singapore

-        Ease of booking air tickets and accommodation through the use of internet

-        Any other acceptable factors

Award max of 4m

b)         How far do you agree that tourism’s negative impact outweighs the positive impact it brings to a LDC?

Negative impact

-        Underuse of facilities built for special events to attract and accommodate large number of tourists.

-        Shortage of services caused by the sacrificing of locals’ needs to meet tourists’ needs and hence causing social displeasure and inflation of costs.

-        Seasonal unemployment caused by tourism related jobs that function and hire only during specific periods of the year, hence causing such workers to lose their jobs when such industries have to cease operation temporarily.

-        Dilution of local cultures due to the adaptation of foreign cultures in order to appeal to needs of tourists

-        Increase in crime such as pickpocketing, theft, robbery, rape etc that would cause fear in the locals and tarnish the reputation of the destination country.

-        Increase in environmentally harmful activities such as littering, pollution, vandalism, deforestation and over consumption of natural resources.

Positive impact

-        Growth in income due to employment opportunities and increase in foreign exchange, thereby improving the standard of living of the locals

-        Development of infrastructure to cater to needs of tourists but directing benefiting the locals more as their standard of living improve as a result.

-        The preservation of some local cultures and customs in order to attract tourists but benefitting the country as a result

-        Conservation of the natural environment: nature reserves, safari parks, rivers, waterfalls etc

CHESTNUT ANSWERS

2(b)

“Bengkulu will experience only relief rain because it is located near the Barisan Mountain Range.” With reference to Fig. 6, how far do you agree with this statement? Level 3 (5 – 6 marks): I do not agree with the statement to a large extent as both relief and convectional rain occurs in Bengkulu. This is because Bengkulu is located in the tropics at a latitude of about 5Õsouth of the Equator, as well as near a mountain range. In Bengkulu, relief rain occurs when warm moist air is forced to rise above the Barisan Mountain range. As the air rises up the windward side of the mountain, it is forced to cool. When the temperature of the air reaches dew point, condensation occurs to form clouds which eventually form rain.  At the same time, Bengkulu experiences convectional rain because of its location in the tropics, where temperatures are always high which allows for intensive heating of the earth’s surface and hence high rates of evaporation.   The heated earth surface in turn heats the air around it causing it to expand and rise. As the air rises, it cools. When the rising air cools to the dew point temperature, condensation occurs to form clouds. When the water droplets become heavy, they fall to the ground as rain. It can thus be seen that relief rain is not the only type of rain that falls in Bengkulu but convectional rain as well. Level 2 (3 – 4 marks): I do not agree with the statement to a large extent as both relief and convectional rain occurs in Bengkulu. ·This is because Bengkulu is located in the tropics at a latitude of about         5Õsouth of the Equator, as well as near a mountain range. In Bengkulu, relief rain occurs when warm moist air is forced to rise above the Barisan Mountain range. As the air rises up the windward side of the mountain, it is forced to cool. It forms clouds which eventually form rain.  At the same time, Bengkulu experiences convectional rain because of its location in the tropics, where temperatures are always high, causing high rates of evaporation.   The heated earth surface in turn heats the air around it. As the air rises, it cools and condenses to form clouds which eventually leads to rain. It can thus be seen that relief rain is not the only type of rain that falls in Bengkulu but convectional rain as well. Level 1 (0 – 2 marks): I do not agree with the statement to a large extent as both relief and convectional rain occurs in Bengkulu. This is because Bengkulu is located in the tropics at a latitude of about 5Õsouth of the Equator, as well as near a mountain range. In Bengkulu, relief rain occurs when air is forced to rise above the Barisan Mountain range. The air then condenses to form clouds which eventually lead to rain.  Convectional rain occurs in Bengkulu because in the tropics the sun causes much evaporation which leads to rain.   It can thus be seen that relief rain is not the only type of rain that falls in Bengkulu but convectional rain as well.

		CHONG BOON ANSWERs
2		Explain the differences between an dormant and extinct volcano. ·        Dormant: Currently inactive but may erupt in the near future Extinct: Volcanoes without current seismic activity and no geological evidence of eruption in the past thousands of years	[3]
	ci	With reference to Fig. 7 and other studies you have made, explain why the impact of the earthquake was greater for people living in Muzaffarabad compared to Srinagar. ·        Impact of earthquake was greater in Muzaffarabad because of its distance from the epicenter and plate boundary. [1] ·        Muzaffarbad is located closer to the epicentre compared to Srinagar. [1] ·        Energy of seismic waves is reduced with distance from the epicentre. [1] ·        Furthermore, Srinagar is located further away from the plate boundary unlike Muzaffarabad, which is located closer to the plate boundary[1] ·	[5]

CLEMENTI TOWN ANSWERS

(ii)  Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a fill-in-questionnaire to investigate the hypothesis  

          AO1+AO2

          Advantages

·        Fill-in-questionnaires are easier for tourists to understand the question asked as miscommunication may arise due to different English accent.

·        Short survey is less daunting than interviews

Disadvantages:

·        Some questions asked can be redundant or irrelevant

·        Waste of tourist’s time

·        Sensitive questions

	(i)	Identify and describe the type of tourism as described in Fig. 3a.	[2]
		AO1+AO3 ·       Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Events (MICE) Tourism ·       A type of tourism in which large groups, usually planned well in advance, are brought together for a particular purpose.