REVISION ANSWERS
· Tourism Geographical Investigation - P10 & P11
· Climate Geographical Investigation - P4 & P6
· Climate P42 & P41
 P4
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B) REFLECTIVE THINKING/ C) EXERCISE REASONING Page 6
4
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Another student suggested investigating the direction of wind and wind frequency. His hypothesis is: The direction and frequency of the wind differs at day time and night time. The investigation is conducted at the same area shown on Photograph A using the wind vane and anemometer at 2pm and 7pm. Study Table 1, which shows the data collected.
Table 1
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(i)
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State whether the hypothesis has been proven or disproven. Support your stand using Table 1. [3]
The hypothesis has been proven. In the daytime, the wind is blowing at the North direction more frequently at 16 times per month. [1] In the night time, the wind is blowing at the South West direction more frequently at 13 times per month. [1] This shows that there is a change in wind direction and wind frequency during the day time and night time. [1]
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(ii)
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Suggest two ways to increase the accuracy of the study. [2]
Make sure the wind vane is places at an open area without any obstructions. [1]
Take at least 3 readings of the wind direction at 1-minute interval. [1]
Make sure the readings are collected at the exact same spot. [1]
Max 2m for any possible answers.
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P10 Q6
(a) What conclusion can the students make about the hypothesis? Support your answer with data from
Table 2. [4]
Number of visitors to Orchard Road and their length of stay
Origin of visitors
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No. of visitors interviewed
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Length of stay
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No overnight stay
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1 – 3 nights
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4 – 7 nights
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8 – 14 nights
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United States of America
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7
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0
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2
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4
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1
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United Kingdom
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6
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0
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1
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3
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2
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Japan
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10
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0
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4
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5
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1
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Australia
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5
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0
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1
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4
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0
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India
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9
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0
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3
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6
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0
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Malaysia
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8
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3
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5
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0
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0
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Indonesia
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5
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1
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4
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0
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0
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Table 2
Reserve 1 mark for proving hypothesis:
· The students can conclude that the hypothesis is true.
3 marks for support with data:
· Visitors from the place farthest away from Singapore stayed the longest (places more than 12 hours away from Singapore by flight). A majority of the visitors from UK and US interviewed would stay for 4 nights or more (5 out of 7 for USA and 5 out of 6 for UK).
· Visitors from the place of between 6 to 12 hours away from Singapore by flight stayed mostly between 1 to 7 days.
Visitors closest to Singapore such as Malaysia and Indonesia did not stay overnight or stayed only 1 to 3 days in Singapore
(b) Suggest one reason why the data in Table 2 may not be valid in proving the hypothesis. [1]
Reserve 1 mark for the following:
· The data in Table 2 may not be valid as an unequal number of visitors were interviewed from each country.
· OR
· The students could have gone to other places other than Orchard Road to conduct their interviews.
B) DATA P11
7 Describe a sampling method that students could use to select which visitors to interview. State the advantage and disadvantage of using this sampling method. [3]
Accept any plausible sampling methods- systematic or random. [1]
Accept any plausible advantage and disadvantage. [2]
Random Sampling
· Randomly select people to interview.
· Firstly, a list of guests from various hotels should be collated. The hotels should comprise of various ratings and not only the 5 star hotels.
· Names of 50 guests (candidate must give a sizable number of at least 10) are randomly selected either through a computer generated number or manual drawing of lots. The survey form is to be administered only to the guests selected through this process.
· Data collection should commence and end at the same time to ensure the accuracy and reliability of data collected. Data collected from sampling points to be collated and represented with the use of a suitable mode such as a bar graph.
Advantages:
· Can be used with large sample populations of visitors.
· Can reduce biasness because the selection of visitors for interview is fair.
Disadvantages:
· Can lead to poor representation of the total population if a large population is missed/left out.
· There may be practical constraints in terms of time available and access to certain parts of the study area.
Systematic Sampling
· Has a systematic way of selecting people to interview. For instance, every 5th person will be selected to participate in the interview.
· Firstly, multiple sampling points should be chosen to ensure that there is a good mix of tourists being surveyed.
· The survey form is to be administered to every fifth tourist that moves past each sampling point.
· Data collection should commence and end at the same time to ensure the accuracy and reliability of data collected. Data collected from sampling points to be collated and represented with the use of a suitable mode such as a bar graph.
Advantage:
· An effective method to cover a large area of study.
Disadvantage:
· Can be seen as more biased compared to random sampling in that not all members of a population have an equal chance of being picked. Thus, systematic sampling can result in over or under representation in a particular trend study.
P18 Study Fig. 2, which shows statistics on tourism earnings ($US) and average length of stay of tourists in Tanzania from 2006 to 2009.
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(i) Using data from Fig.2, describe the relationship between tourism earnings and average length of stay of tourists in Tanzania. [4]
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Knowledge Target: Trends in Tourism
· While tourism earnings have increased from 2006 to 2007 by US$249 million, the average length of stay of tourists remained the same at 12 days.
· While tourism earnings further increased from 2007 to 2008 by US$90 million, the average length of stay of tourists experienced a fall of 2 days from 12 days in 2007 to 10 days in 2008.
· While tourism earnings decreased from 2008 to 2009 by US$129 million, the average length of stay of tourists experienced an increase of 1 day from 10 days in 2008 to 11 days in 2009.
· Therefore, there is no clear relationship between tourism earnings and average length of stay of tourists OR there is an inverse/negative relationship between tourism earning and average length of stay of tourists shown from 2007 to 2009.
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(ii) Account for the trends in tourism earnings in Tanzania from 2006 to 2009. [5]
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Knowledge Target: Demand and Destination Factors
Rise in tourism earnings from 2006 to 2008 may reflect an increase in tourist numbers to Tanzania and this may be due to:
· People having higher global incomes. With an increase in disposable income, people have more money to spend on goods and services when travelling in Tanzania.
· Tanzania increased investments in tourism infrastructure and services. Tourists are attracted to Tanzania through investments in transport and accommodation infrastructure as they enjoy greater convenience and accessibility.
· Tourists developing varied interests due to education and the influence of globalisation, they are attracted to many different destinations which offer different experiences and not just one region. The exotic destination of Tanzania which provides tourists with a uniquely different experience could attract more tourists thus increasing its tourism earnings.
Fall in tourism earnings from 2008-2009 may reflect a decrease in tourist numbers to Tanzania and this may be due to:
· An economic crisis/recession which has caused many people to lose their jobs/ suffer from a wage cut, causing disposable incomes to fall and less people able to afford to travel.
· Worldwide pandemics such as SARS and swine flu which has deterred tourists from travelling for fear they may contract the disease.
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P26
8
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‘Tour operators hold the greatest responsibility in protecting tourist areas.’ How true is this statement? Give reasons for your answer. [6]
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Level of response:
Level 1 [0-2]
· Answers are generalised or have minimal support, if any stand were given at all.
· Reasoning is weak and expression may be unclear.
· Answers are basic with little development
· Answers lack examples or evidence, or are sketchy to the point where they add little support
Level 2 [3-4]
· Agreement or disagreement are supported by appropriate detail
· Alternatively, both agreement and disagreement are considered, but support is pathy and the answer is not complete
· Good reasoning and use of logic in parts of the answer with good expression in places
· Some examples or other evidence are presented at least once to support answers
Level 3 [5-6]
· Detailed descriptions of the responsibility of the tour operators and at least two other different groups; comprehensive and supported by sound knowledge
· Both agreement and disagreement are considered and well-supported
· Reasoning is clear and logical with good expression of language
· Examples or other evidence to support answers are extensive.
· Answers recognise that, although tour operators play a crucial role in protecting tourist areas, other groups such as the planning authorities, visitors, non-governmental organisations and/ or local communities are also equally important.
Tour operators
- Can provide feedback on the social and environmental conditions of the tourist attractions. Their inputs are often used by local communities and planning authorities to plan tourism management strategies in a tourist attraction
- Can regulate tourist behaviour as tourists spend much of their time in a tourist attraction with tour guides. They can prevent the tourists from littering, wandering into restricted areas or making too much noise to prevent damage to a tourist site.
- Incentive in maintaining the quality of an attraction because the attraction is their source of income
- Eg: Phuket Alternative Tours (PAT) was set up by a team of tour operators in Phuket in 2006 who sign an Environmental and Cultural Code of Practice to commit to operate in an environmentally sustainable way, seek to enhance the natural environment and the way that the industry uses it and create awareness about environmental conservation for visitors to Phuket
- However, tour operators are business and need to be profitable to survive. The need to generate profits can sometimes bring tour operators into conflict with other stakeholders. It may also override concerns to preserve the environment when addressing these concerns would reduce their profits.
Other groups that hold equal responsibilities are:
Planning authorities
- Often successfully develop, approve, fund and maintain infrastructure that help manage the impact of tourism in an area
- E.g.: Singapore Tourism Board (STB) implemented programme to conserve the ethnic districts of SG such as building the Chinatown Heritage Centre in Chinatown to create awareness of the culture and history of Chinatown and preserving the signature shophouses and five-foot wide covered passageways.
- Ability to draft laws and policies that help improve the quality of a tourist site. Eg. Limit the number of tourists to an attraction with an entrance fee or regulate the type of commercial activity in an area
- Work with other govt agencies
- However, the most well-planned and well-funded programme may sometimes fail due to unforeseen factors such as extreme weather, natural disasters or lack of interest from the public
- Other stakeholders such as the local communities or non-governmental organisations (NGOs) may oppose the management strategies and the programmes and strategies would have little impact without the cooperation from stakeholders.
Visitors
- Visitors spending such as entrance fees or the purchase of souvenirs can provide funds to help to conserve environment, preserve culture or maintain a tourist attraction.
- Visitors spending can also provide locals with income from employment like hotel staff, waitresses, tour guides and business like shop owners
- Can help to raise awareness about the conserving and preserving the destination at home by sharing their experience via word-of-mouth
- E.g.: The Tourism Sustainability Group set up by the European Commission in 2004 encouraged tourists to select their holiday destinations based on the conservation efforts of the place to minimise carbon footprint while they are on holiday
- However, the sheer number alone can sometimes damage an area through collective footsteps, noise or touch, or vandalism and littering.
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Responsibility of Stakeholders in Managing Impacts of Tourism
Planning Authorities- Drafting Laws and Policies
P
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Planning authorities could draft a set of laws and policies that can help improve the quality of a tourist site and ensure sustainability in tourism.
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E
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- A set of well-defined and enforced laws and regulations will minimize environmental pollution brought about by irresponsible tourist behavior.
- Implementing laws and policies that limit the number of tourists entering an ecologically sensitive site could reduce environmental pollution and destruction.
- Enforcing these rules and regulations can also prevent friction between the locals and tourists as it deters tourists from behaving in a way which is offensive to the local population as punishments would be meted out should they fail to do so.
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A+
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- For example, a law of wildlife conservation protects the flora and fauna of Costa Rica. Tourists are prohibited from taking plants and flowers to and are also prohibited from feeding wild animals to prevent them from being dependent on humans for food.
- For example, photographs of certain sections of the sacred landmark of Uluru (Ayers Rock) are not allowed to be taken as a sign of respect to the aboriginal culture and tradition.
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A-
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- However, not all tourists conform to the guidelines as many feel the overuse of resources is justifiable with payment. Tourists may also feel self-important and show little respect for local cultures and traditions, hence creating disharmony among the local society.
- Local communities may oppose to management strategies as it may involve them changing their way of life or may affect their livelihood.
- For example, tourists visiting the National Parks in Uganda to view mountain gorillas flouted rules not to get near to them and as a consequence many gorillas succumbed to diseases spread by the tourists.
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Local Communities: Community-based Tourist
P
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Local communities can work with planning authorities or NGOs set up Community-based tourism which can help conserve and educate tourists about their local cultures and practices and ensure sustainability in tourism.
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E
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- Community-based tourism involves the development and management of tourism that includes, consults and benefits the local community, especially in the context of rural villages and indigenous people.
- It is effective as giving the locals control over tourist activities will allow the local community to contribute their intimate knowledge of the local environment to tourism projects and help manage the negative impact of tourism.
- Community based tourism makes locals a priority in business and employment opportunities and as a result livelihoods of locals are improved.
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A+
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For example, villagers of Candirejo in Indonesia set up a cooperative with support by the government to develop homestay programmes and organic farm tours. Locals were consulted and trained to produce handicrafts, provide catering and act as tour guides.
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A-
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However, many community-based tourism projects have failed due to improper management, poor accessibility and shortage of skilled labour. Poor local communities also lack funds to invest in such ventures. A survey of 200 CBT projects in Latin America reflected only 5% occupancy for most accommodations.
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Tour Operators: Promoting Ecotourism
P
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Tour operators can operate in a sustainable manner by promoting ecotourism to conserve and protect environments visited by tourists.
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E
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- Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas that promotes conservation and improves the well-being of locals.
- It is effective as practicing ecotourism will allow tourists to enjoy the experience of being in natural environments and this promotes the idea of conservation.
- Tour guides who have extensive knowledge on the local ecosystem and cultures also help regulate tourist behavior when visiting nature sites and prevent misunderstandings between tourists and locals.
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A+
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- For example, Sea-Canoe eco-tourism Company which is based in Phuket promotes responsible travel to natural areas by limiting tourist numbers to 64 per day in consideration of the carrying capacity of the ecologically sensitive region.
- The Company also promotes conservation and is active in combating pollution problems through investing in local clean-up projects and lobbying local officials to enforce environmental laws.
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A-
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However, tour operators driven by profits may fail to conduct tourist activities following ecotourism guidelines hence end up degrading the environment. Tour operators may also come into conflict with other stakeholders due to their concerns about generating profits.
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Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs):
Facilitating Communication and Supporting Stakeholders
P
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NGOs act as a support for various stakeholders to manage the impact of tourism and hence and improve sustainability in tourism.
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E
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- NGOs facilitates communication between various stakeholders to convince them of the benefits if actions taken to manage various impact of tourism.
- NGOs are also active in supporting various stakeholders in their efforts to promote sustainable tourism. This support can be in the form of manpower, knowledge and marketing campaigns.
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A+
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- For example, The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) has developed guidelines and online research papers that serve as a guide for stakeholders who are interested to develop the ecotourism sector.
- The society also organises workshops such as authentic Ecolodge planning, design and operations to pass on practical knowledge and practices to increase success of implementation.
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A-
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- However, NGOs are funded entirely on public donations and many are unable to sustain their activities due to lack of funding.
- Also, NGOs may also get into conflicts with other stakeholders due to differences in directions taken to develop tourism. For example, the NGO “Rio in Peace” held a protest to criticise the lack of social responsibility of organisers of the World Cup 2014 in Brazil, where much of the income is leaked to external organisations and do not benefit locals at all.
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Visitors: Being Socially Responsible and Provision of Funds
P
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Visitors have the social responsibility to respect both the environment and the local population such to minimise impact brought about to a tourism destination.
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E
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- Tourist receipts contribute to funds to help conserve the environment, preserve culture and maintain a tourist attraction. It can also help improve the lives of the locals by providing them with a source of income. Certain forms of tourism, such as volunteer tourism can help to improve infrastructure or social well-being of local residents.
- Visitors can also raise awareness about the need to conserve and preserve tourist destinations by sharing their experiences with others and campaigning for sustainability in tourism.
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A+
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- For example, more visitors have heeded the advice in the 2007 report by the Tourism Sustainability Group to choose their destinations based on the conservation of the place and monitor and reduce their carbon footprint when travelling.
- There has also been a rise in volunteer tourism where positive interactions are built, such as visitors helping out at the Mother Teresa’s Home for the dying destitute.
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A-
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- However, an influx of a huge number of visitors to a destination may result in the dilution of local culture and customs as locals tend to deliberately cater their cultures commercially.
- Volunteer tourism is also short term and may not have a pronounced effect on the host country since many visitors help only on a short term basis.
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P41
12 Study Fig. 9, which shows average monthly rainfall of tropical equatorial and tropical monsoon climates. [3]
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Total annual rainfall = 2365mm Total annual rainfall = 1490mm
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Use Fig. 9 to contrast the rainfall patterns of the two climates.
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· TEC has higher rainfall than TMC (total annual rainfall of 2365mm in TEC and 1490mm in TMC).
· TEC wet throughout the year while TMC has a distinct wet and dry season (TEC at least 100mm of rain monthly while TMC has dry season from Jan to May, Nov and Dec but wet season from Jun to Oct).
· Wet months for TMC have higher rainfall than those for TEC (>300mm in Jul and Aug in TMC while around 270mm in Apr, Oct and Nov in TEC).
· TMC is especially wet in middle of the year (Jun to Sep) but during the same period, TEC rainfall is the lowest.
· End of the year is dry months for TMC but high rainfall experienced in TEC.
[3m for any 3 points]
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